tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-87842238042482455412024-02-20T17:09:05.626-08:00TEORI KEPERAWATANJOURNAL KEPERAWATANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07919875716745294908noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8784223804248245541.post-30254016560445676242011-11-21T03:15:00.001-08:002011-11-21T03:25:08.993-08:00Contoh Proposal Skripsi/Ikan Gabus<link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso" rel="Edit-Time-Data"></link><o:smarttagtype name="City" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype name="place" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype><style>
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<span style="position: relative; z-index: 2;"><span style="height: 26px; left: 512px; position: absolute; top: -108px; width: 24px;"><img height="26" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1027" width="24" /></span></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"><span style="height: 34px; left: 476px; position: absolute; top: -71px; width: 29px;"><img height="34" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="29" /></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.5pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar
Belakang</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Persalinan seringkali mengakibatkan perlukaan jalan
lahir, perlukaan biasanya ringan, tetapi ada juga yang luas dan berbahaya,
sehingga setelah persalinan harus selalu dilakukan pemeriksaan vulva dan
perinium. Robekan perinium terjadi hampir pada semua persalinan pertama dan
tidak jarang juga pada persalinan berikut. (Winkjosastro, 2005 : 664). Adapun
keluhan yang biasa dirasakan oleh ibu post partum dengan luka perinum adalah
gangguan rasa nyaman : nyeri, mobilisasi, takut BAB dan untuk perawatan luka
biasanya menggunakan anti septik . Periode awal penyembuahn luka perinium
dibutuhkan waktu 7-10 hari. Fenomena yang ada di masyarakat menunjukkan bahwa
masyarakat sudah mengetahui bahwa penyembuhan luka perinium dibutuhkan makanan
yang banyak mengandung protein yaitu salah satu sumber makanan yang kaya akan
protein adalah ikan gabus. Ikan gabus mengandung protein yang lebih tinggi
dibanding dengan jenis ikan lain. Protein diperlukan untuk tubuh, dan berfungsi
untuk meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh, mempercepat penyembuhan luka pasca operasi
dan sehabis melahirkan dan membantu proses metabolisme tubuh, sehingga
dianjurkan untuk dikonsumsi. Namun hasil wawancara dari 20 pasien post partum hanya 4 (20%) orang yang sudah mengkonsumsi
ikan gabus dan ada sebagian ibu post
partum yang belum mengetahui fungsi dan kegunaan ikan gabus, masih belum
dijelaskan pengaruh konsumsi ikan gabus terhadap percepatan penyembuhan luka
perinium.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berbagai studi menunjukkan bahwa robekan kecil pada perinium
jarang memerlukan penjahitan. Trauma yang dialami ibu bersalin akibat
penjahitan dapat lebih berbahaya dibanding robekan kecil itu. Bila robekan
tidak mengakibatkan perdarahan hebat atau hanya ditemukan robekan kecil,
biarkan robekan tersebut tanpa jahitan, luka akan segera sembuh tanpa efek yang
merugikan terhadap pemulihan perinium (Depkes RI, 2001: 32). Nyeri yang
dirasakan ibu <i>post</i> partum berasal
dari luka yang terdapat dari robekan perinium (Kasdu, 2003). Nyeri adalah
pengalaman sensori dan emosional yang tidak menyenangkan akibat dari kerusakan
jaringan yang aktual atau potensial. Tingkat dan keparahan nyeri pasca
persalinan tergantung pada fisiologis
dan psikologis individu dan toleransi yang ditimbulkan nyeri (Brunner dan
Suddart, 2002). Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh penulis pada saat studi
pendahuluan didapatkan pada September tahun 2010 dari 25 persalinan di BPS
(Bidan Praktek Swasta) Ninik Artiningsih Dusun Tergilis Kecamatan Prajulit
Kulon Mojokerto terdapat 20 orang (80%) yang mengalami jahitan luka perinium.
Dari jumlah tersebut 6 orang (30%) luka jahitannya sembuh pada hari ke 4, dan
14 orang (70%) luka jahitan sembuh pada hari ke 12. Untuk penyembuhan luka
perinium di BPS Ninik Artiningsih masih
menggunakan jenis terapi farmakologi yaitu penggunaan seperti analgesik dan antibiotik.
Terapi non farmakologi di dapat dari makanan seperti konsumsi ikan gabus, ayam,
telur dan daging. Dari hasil wawancara sebanyak 14 ibu post partum yang belum mengetahui
manfaat konsumsi ikan gabus untuk percepatan penyembuhan luka perinium.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Terjadinnya luka perinium dapat disebabkan oleh 2 faktor
yaitu faktor indikasi ibu dan indikasi janin seperti bayi prematur, bayi besar,
posisi abnormal, gawat janin (Willian R. Forte : 442). Banyak faktor yang
mempengaruhi penyembuhan luka perineum di antaranya faktor gizi terutama
protein akan sangat mempengaruhi terhadap proses penyembuhan luka pada perinium
karena pergantian jaringan sangat membutuhkan protein. Selain itu juga
dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan, tradisi, pengatahuan, sosial ekonomi, penanganan
petugas, kondisi ibu mobilisasi dini, vulva hygiene, luas luka, umur, vaskularisasi,
stressor dan juga nutrisi. Jika luka perineum tidak segera sembuh bisa
menyebabkan terjadinya infeksi. Penelitian yang sudah dilakukan Eddy
Suprayitno, selama ini untuk mengobati luka bakar dan pasca operasi digunakan
serum human albumin yang diproduksi dari darah manusia. Untuk mengobati luka
pasca operasi dibutuhkan 3 ampul serum albumin, Rp. 1,3 juta per ampulnya. Dengan
meminum ekstrak ikan gabus, pasien hanya membutuhkan 24 kilogram ikan gabus
untuk menyembuhkan luka operasi atau luka bakar. Malah menurut Eddy, luka dapat
sembuh 3 hari lebih cepat ketimbang menggunakan serum albumin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ikan gabus merupakan salah satu jenis ikan yang banyak
digunakan oleh masyarakat untuk proses penyembuhan luka terutama luka pasca
operasi, luka bakar dan setelah persalianan, karena kandungan utama dalam ikan
gabus adalah protein atau albuminnya yang cukup tinggi dan juga albumin
merupakan protein terbanyak dalam plasma, sekitar 60% dari total plasma protein
dengan nilai normal 3,3 – 5,5 g/dl albumin juga didapatkan pada ruang ekstrasel
40% terdapat pada plasma dan 60% ekstrasel (Nurpudji). Sedangkan salah satu
faktor proses percepatan penyembuhan luka jahitan perinium yaitu membutuhkan
protein tinggi yang terdapat pada ikan gabus. Referensi pendukung
memperlihatkan kukusan ikan gabus dapat juga menyembuhkan penderita hipoalbumin
(rendah albumin) yang diikuti komplikasi penyakit seperti hepatitis, TBC,
diabetes. Setelah diberikan konsumsi ikan gabus diharapkan dapat mempercepat
penyembuhan luka perinium sebelum hari ke 10 dan tidak melebihi hari ke 10 agar
tidak terjadi infeksi, sehingga penggunaan ikan gabus dapat diterapkan oleh
seluh masyarakat khususnya ibu post partum di BPS Ninik Artiningsih Dusun
Tergilis Kecamatan Prajurit Kulon Mojokerto.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.5pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Apakah ada pengaruh konsumsi ikan gabus terhadap
percepatan penyembuhan luka jahitan perinium di BPS Ny. Ninik Artiningsih Dusun
Tergilis Kecamatan Prajulit Kulon Mojokerto.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <b>Penelitian<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.3.1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan
umum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menjelaskan pengaruh konsumsi ikan gabus terhadap
percepatan kesembuhan luka perinium di BPS Ny. Ninik Artiningsih Dusun Tergilis
Kecamatan Prajulit Kulon Mojokerto.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.3.2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan
khusus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1. Mengidentifikasi percepatan penyembuhan luka perinium
yang tidak diberi konsumsi ikan gabus (kelompok kontrol) di BPS Ny. Ninik Artiningsih
Dusun Tergilis Kecamatan Prajulit Kulon Mojokerto.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2. Mengidentifikasi percepatan penyembuhan luka perinium
yang diberi konsumsi ikan gabus (kelompok perlakuan) di BPS Ny. Ninik
Artiningsih Dusun Tergilis Kecamatan Prajulit Kulon Mojokerto.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3. Menganalisis percepatan penyembuhan luka perinium yang
tidak diberi dan diberi mengkonsumsi ikan gabus di BPS Ny. Ninik Artiningsih
Dusun Tergilis Kecamatan Prajulit Kulon Mojokerto.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Manfaat Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.4.1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Teoritis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil penelitian ini dapat
memberikan informasi khususnya dibidang ilmu keperawatan maternitas tentang
fungsi, kegunaan dan manfaat ikan gabus sehingga dapat mencegah terjadinya
infeksi perinium dan membantu proses penyembuhan luka perinium.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.4.2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Praktis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Peneliti ini dapat lebih memahami masalah yang dikaji, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> memberikan masukan
bagi ibu nifas tentang perawatan luka perinium dan konsumsi ikan gabus sebagai
terapi untuk mempercepat penyembuhan luka perinium sehingga peneliti dapat memberikan pengetahuan
ini kepada khalayak umum, baik secara langsung ataupun tidak langsung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, dapat
menambah kepustakaan bagi yang membutuhkan referensi dalam bidang pengaruh
konsumsi ikan gabus terhadap percepatan penyembuhan luka perineum serta dapat
sebagai data dasar untuk melakukan penelitian selanjutnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB 2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.1<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Konsep
Ikan Gabus<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<img align="left" alt="http://cybermed.cbn.net.id/UserFiles/Image/cybermed/Healthy%20Food/JAN09/Ikan%20gabus.JPG" height="236" hspace="5" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image004.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_2" vspace="4" width="280" /><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambar 2.1</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Ikan Gabus (Cybernet ed cbn.net.id)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sejak dahulu ikan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">gabus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dipercaya dapat mempercepat penyembuhan
luka sehingga dianjurkan untuk dikonsumsi pasien pasca operasi dan ibu-ibu
sehabis melahirkan, hal ini dikarenakan ikan gabus mengandung protein yang
tinggi (albumin), sehingga dapat mempercepat proses penyembuhan luka. Hampir
semua pasien berkadar albumin rendah yang diberi sari ikan gabus ini, naik
lebih cepat daripada pemberian albumin lewat infus. Bahkan pasien berkadar
albumin rendah yang diikuti komplikasi penyakit seperti hepatitis, TBC/infeksi
paru, <i>neprotic syndrome</i>, tonsillitis,
typus, diabetes, patah tulang, gastritis, gizi buruk, sepsis, stroke, ITP
(Idiopatik Trombosit Tupenia Purpura), HIV/AIDS.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ada</span></st1:city></st1:place><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> sebuah
tradisi, di daerah pedesaan, anak laki-laki pasca dikhitan selalu dianjurkan
mengkonsumsi ikan jenis itu agar penyembuhan lebih cepat. Caranya, daging ikan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">gabus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dikukus atau di<i>team</i>, sehingga memperoleh <i>filtrate</i>,
yang dijadikan menu ekstra bagi penderita hipoalbumin dan luka pemberian menu
ekstrak <i>filtrate</i> ikan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">gabus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> tersebut berkorelasi positif dengan
peningkatan kadar albumin plasma dan penyembuhan luka pasca operasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebuah penelitian yang
dilakukan oleh Prof. DR. Dr. Nurpudji A. Taslim dari Universitas Hasanuddin,
Makasar, menunjukkan kadar albumin pasien di RS Wahidin Sudiro Husodo Makasar,
Sul-Sel, meningkat tajam setelah beberapa kali mengkonsumsi ikan gabus. Hal
tersebut mempercepat kesehatan pasien.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penelitian serupa juga
pernah dilakukan pada bagian bedah RS Umum Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang. Hasil uji
coba tersebut menunjukkan albumin dari kadar yang rendah (1,8 g/dl) menjadi
normal. Penelitian yang dilakukan di Universitas Hasanudin juga menunjukkan
pemberian ekstrak ikan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">gabus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> selama
10-14 hari dapat meningkatkan kadar albumin darah 0,6-0,8 g/dl. Pada ODHA
(orang dengan HIV/AIDS) yang diberi ekstrak ikan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">gabus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> secara teratur dapat meningkatkan kadar
albumin di dalam darah, sehingga berat badannya akan naik secara perlahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebuah penelitian yang
dilakukan Ida Samidah, dr Balitbangda Sulawesi Selatan menunjukkan, balita yang
mengkonsumsi ikan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">gabus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> secara
teratur memiliki kadar albumin jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan balita
yang tidak mengkonsumsinya. Selain itu, balita yang mengkonsumsi ikan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">gabus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> secara teratur juga mengalami peningkatan
berat badan dan kadar hemoglobin darah secara nyata.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada anak yang
kekurangan albumin, seperti penderita tuberkolosis (TBC atau TB), daya kerja
obat yang diminum menjadi kurang maksimal, sementara pada anak yang sedang
berada di fase periode emas pertumbuhan (<i>golden
age</i>), yaitu usia 1-5 tahun, kekurangan albumin akan sangat mengganggu
pertumbuhan otaknya. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Semakin sedikit
albumin, pertumbuhan sel dari otak akan semakin lambat. Sel otak yang sedikit
menyebabkan anak menjadi kurang cerdas. Kadar albumin normal di dalam tubuh
antara 3,5-4,5 g/dl. Kadar albumin yang ku</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">r</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">ang dari 2,2 g/dl
menunjukkan masalah pada tubuh. Umumnya masalah gizi yang diderita anak-anak
bukan hanya disebabkan oleh asupan yang kurang, tetapi juga karena zat gizi
yang berhasil dibawa oleh darah sangat sedikit, sehingga tidak bisa memberi
gizi pada sel. Kasus seperti ini sering ditemukan pada anak-anak yang mempunyai
kebiasaan makan banyak dan cukup bergizi, tetapi pertumbuhannya sangat lambat,
itulah sebabnya bila anak kita sulit sekali tumbuh, sebaiknya bukan hanya
diberi obat anti cacing. Yang paling penting, perhatikan asupan makanannya,
apakah cukup bergizi atau tidak. Usahakan untuk selalu menyajikan makanan yang
kaya protein albumin, seperti ikan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">gabus (Kordi).</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ikan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">gabus</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dapat diolah dengan berbagai cara. Masyarakat Sulawesi
Selatan dan Papua biasa mengolah ikan gabus menjadi sup asam pedas, sedangkan
masyarakat Jawa dan Sunda mengolahnya dengan cara digoreng. Masyarakat
Banjarmasin bisaa menggunakan ikan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">gabus</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> untuk membuat krupuk. Variasi lain dapat dilakukan
adalah dalam bentuk abon atau disantan seperti ikan kakap. </span><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk bayi, ikan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">gabus</span><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dapat
dipipil atau disajikan seperti nasi tim. Ikan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">gabus</span><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">
sebaiknya disajikan dengan cara direbus, dikukus, ataupun dibuat sup. Ikan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">gabus</span><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">
goreng atau bakar memang lebih nikmat, tetapi nilai gizinya turun. Selain itu,
menggoreng biasanya dilakukan dengan minyak berlebih, sehingga dapat
meningkatkan kadar lemak pada ikan. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Padahal,
ikan gabus termasuk bahan makanan yang sehat dan aman untuk dikonsumsi karena
kadar lemak dan kolesterolnya masih di bawah rata-rata. Bahaya lain yang
mengintai dari ikan bakar dan goreng adalah racun karsiogenik yang dapat
mengganggu kesehatan tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Seperti ikan air tawar lainnya, salah satu kelemahan ikan
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">gabus</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> adalah
memiliki bau lumpur. Namun hal tersebut bukanlah alasan untuk tidak
mengkonsumsinya, mengingat manfaatnya sangat luar biasa. Untuk menyiasatinya,
ikan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">gabus</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dapat
dicuci dengan air kapur. Bisa juga direbus lebih dulu dengan berbagai rempah,
seperti kunyit ataupun jeruk nipis, baru kemudian diolah sesuai selera.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.1.1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kandungan ikan gabus<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ikan gabus adalah
sejenis ikan buas yang hidup di air tawar dan rawa. Sering dijuluki “ikan buruk
rupa” karena kepalanya menyerupai kepala ular. Di Indonesia, ikan ini dikenal
dengan berbagai nama, yaitu kutuk (Jawa), haruan atau bogo (Sunda) dan kocolan
(Betawi). Ikan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">gabus </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">ini
jenisnya juga beragam diantaranya gabus biasa (haruan), kehung, kerandang,
toman dan gabus unggu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.
Dilihat dari kandungan gizinya, ikan g</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">abus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> tidak
kalah dari ikan air tawar lain yang cukup popular. Seperti ikan mas dan ikan
bandeng. Kandungan gizi berbagai ikan air tawar dapat dilihat pada tabel 2.1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Tabel 2.1</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">.</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Komposisi gizi per 100
gram beberapa ikan tawar dan payau<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 5.4pt; width: 507px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.05pt;" width="80"><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -8.25pt 0.0001pt -8.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Jenis
ikan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.35pt;" width="84"><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0.0001pt -2.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Protein
(g)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.95pt;" width="79"><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -5.45pt 0.0001pt -5.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Lemak
(g)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.8pt;" width="114"><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -5.55pt 0.0001pt -7.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Karbohidrat
(g)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" width="89"><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0.0001pt -2.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Mineral
(g)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.45pt;" width="61"><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -5.4pt 0.0001pt -2.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Air (g)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.05pt;" valign="top" width="80"><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Mas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Bandeng<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Tawes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Gabus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Betok<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Lele<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.35pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">9,7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">17,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">17,7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.95pt;" valign="top" width="79"><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">2,0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">1,3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">5,1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">1,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">5,0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">4,8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.8pt;" valign="top" width="114"><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">1,0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">1,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">1,7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">0,2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">0,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">0,3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 66.9pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">1,0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">1,2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">1,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">1,3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">2,0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">1,2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.45pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">76<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">82<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">77<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">76<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sumber :
Astawa 2007<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Selain ikan lain, keunggulan ikan gabus adalah kandungan
proteinnya yang cukup tinggi, kadar protein per 100 gram ikan gabus setara ikan
bandeng, tetapi lebih tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan ikan lele maupun ikan mas
yang sering kita konsumsi. Albumin merupakan protein yang paling banyak
terkandung dalam plasma, sekitar 60 % dari total plasma, atau 3,5 sampai 5,5
g/dl. Protein, yang banyak dijumpai pada telur, darah, dan susu ini memiliki
fungsi biologis pengangkut asam lemak dalam darah. Albumin juga berperan
mengikat obat-obatan yang tidak mudah larut, seperti aspirin, antikoagulan
koumarin, dan obat tidur. Albumin bisa digunakan untuk menghindari timbulnya
sembap paru-paru dan ginjal, serta <i>carrier
factor</i> pembekuan darah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kandungan protein ikan gabus juga lebih tinggi daripada
bahan pangan yang selama ini dikenal sebagai sumber protein seperti telur,
daging ayam, maupun daging sapi. Kadar protein per 100 gram telur 12, 8 gram,
daging ayam 18,2 gram dan daging sapi 18, 8 gram. Nilai cerna protein ikan juga
sangat baik, yaitu mencapai lebih dari 90 persen. Selain itu, protein kolagen
ikan gabus juga lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan daging ternak, yaitu berkisar
3-5 % dari total protein. Hal tersebut yang menyebabkan tekstur daging ikan
gabus lebih empuk daripada daging ayam ataupun daging sapi. Rendahnya kolagen
menyebabkan daging ikan gabus menjadi lebih mudah dicerna bayi, kelompok
lansia, dan juga orang yang baru sembuh dari sakit. Bayi memerlukan asupan
protein tinggi, tetapi belum memiliki saluran pencernaan yang sempurna. Karena
kandungan inilah, ikan gabus memiliki manfaat atau kegunaan yang sangat tinggi
sebagai pertumbuhan otak balita dan anak, khususnya sebagai penyembuhan luka
jahitan <i>perinium<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "; font-size: 100%; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sejak dahulu ikan gabus dipercaya
dapat mempercepat penyembuhan luka sehingga dianjurkan untuk dikonsumsi pasca
operasi maupun bagi ibu-ibu sehabis melahirkan dan terjadi robekan perineum,
hal ini dikarenakan ikan gabus mengandung protein yang tinggi (Albumin),
sehingga dapat mempercepat proses penyembuhan luka</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Mangal; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> (</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ir. Sumarno).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.1.2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Manfaat atau kegunaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ikan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">gabus</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> ini bisa
digunakan untuk beberapa penyakit, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1. Kekurangan albumin dalam tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dapat menambah albumin dalam tubuh, tanpa perlu khawatir
kelebihan albumin, karena terbuat dari bahan alami, sehingga apabila kelebihan
akan dibuang dengan sendirinya oleh tubuh melalui saluran pembuangan tanpa efek
samping pada tubuh, serta aman untuk penderita kolesterol karena mengandung
asam lemak tak jenuh, dan aman untuk penderita ginjal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2. Jantung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengandung allisin untuk menurunkan kadar lemak dalam
darah dan trigliserida, sehingga mengurangi resiko terhadap stroke, serangan
jantung, penyempitan pembuluh darah serta untuk menurunkan kadar homosistesin
dalam darah yang menjadi penyebab penyakit jantung mengandung praline yang
bertujuan untuk menguatkan otot-otot jantung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3. Kanker.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengandung zat aktif <i>allyl
sulfide</i> yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan hormon pemicu tumbuhnya sel
kanker pada tubuh kita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4. Liver.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dapat memperbaiki jaringan organ hati. Mengandung asam
amino dan vitamin untuk organ hati dan mengontrol pengumpulan lemak di hati dan
regenerasi sel hati dan kandung empedu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">5. Asma.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Memperbaiki sel-sel saluran pernafasan (bronchus).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">6. Lupus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Memperbaiki otot, otak, dan system syaraf pusat serta
system kekebalan tubuh pada tubuh kita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">7. Luka bakar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengandung <i>cystine</i>
yang didukung oleh asam amino lainnya sangat baik untuk pemulihan luka bakar,
gangguan kulit, pasca operasi/pembedahan dan anti penuaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">8. Otak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk membantu mengatur perbaikan jaringan organ otak
yang rusak/ cidera otak/pasca stroke/Parkinson.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">9. Diabetes mellitus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Memperbaiki jaringan sel pankreas yang mulai rusak, sehingga
organ pankreas dapat tetap menghasilkan hormon insulin kembali normal, dan
membantu menstabilkan kadar gula dalam darah bagi penderita hipoglikemi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">10. Luka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Membantu pemulihan luka dalam maupun luar, karena
sifatnya memperbaiki jaringan organ tubuh yang melepas radikal bebas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">11. Pada saat masa kemoterapi dan radioterapik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengurangi dan mencegah efek-efek yang kurang baik dari
kerja kemoterapi dan radioterapi, seperti badan terasa lemas, lemah. Kerusakan
bagian tubuh bagian tubuh dan mual. Yang mengurangi fungsi kerja kemoterapi dan
radioterapi itu sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">12. Stroke.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Setelah mengalami serangan stroke, beberapa bagian tubuh
akan mengalami kelemahan fungsi, bahkan bisa berakibat tidak berfungsinya
beberapa bagian tubuh, alkuten membantu membuka pembuluh darah yang tersumbat
dan memperbaiki jaringan organ tubuh yang penting untuk otot, otak dan sistem
syaraf sehingga menguatkan sistem kekebalan tubuh serta menjadi anti radikal
bebas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">13. Persendian/tulang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengandung proline yang sangat baik untuk memicu
berfungsinya sendi-sendi, dan juga mengandung lysine yang berfungsi memastikan
penyerapan kalsium yang memadai dan mempermudah pembentukan kolagen yang bisa
membungkus tulang rawan dan jaringan penyambung juga mendorong percepatan
penyembuhan tulang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">14. Pencernaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Membantu fungsi saluran pencernaan dan unsur agar dapat
bekerja baik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">15. Depresi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Asam amino threonine dan asam amino tyrosine yang
digunakan oleh kelenjar tyroid untuk memproduksi salah satu hormon utama untuk
metabolisme kesehatan kulit dan mental, untuk mengatasi depresi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">16. Prostate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menjaga sistem saraf pusat, bagi kaum laki-laki, glycine
memainkan pesan penting esensial untuk menjaga fungsi-fungsi prostate agar
tetap sehat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">17. Manula.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Alkuten
menyebabkan pencernaan dapat menyerap makanan dengan baik dan akan
meregenerasi/memperbarui semua sel-sel atau jaringan tubuh kita yang mulai
kurang berfungsi dengan baik, sehingga para manula akan menjadi sehat kembali
dan tidak mudah sakit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.1.3 Kebutuhan Protein Ibu post partum<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ibu
post partum memerlukan 20 gram protein perhari diatas kebutuhan normal ketika
menyusui. Peningkatan kebutuhan ini ditujukan bukan hanya trasformasi menjadi
protein susu tetapi juga untuk sintesa hormone yang memproduksi (prolaktin)
serta yang mengeluarkan ASI (oksitoksin) (Arisma, 2004 : 39). Sumber protein
hewani adalah telur, susu, daging, unggas, ikan dan kerang. Sumber protein
nabati adalah tempe, tahu, serta kacang-kacangan (sunita 2004 : 100).<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.2</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span></b><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Konsep dasar proses penyembuhan luka jahitan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.2.1. Pengertian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyembuhan adalah proses, cara, perbuatan menyembuhkan,
pemulihan. (Depdikbud, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2001</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">).<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Luka adalah rusaknya kesatuan/komponen jaringan, dimana
secara spesifik terdapat subtansi jaringan yang rusak atau hilang (Somantri,
2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyembuhan luka adalah panjang waktu proses pemulihan
pada kulit karena adanya kerusakan atau disintegritas jaringan kulit <span style="color: black;">(Arini).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.2.2<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mekanisme
terjadinya luka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Luka insisi (<i>incised wounds</i>), terjadinya karena teriris oleh instrument yang
tajam. Misal yang terjadi akibat pembedahan. Luka bersih (<i>aseptic</i>) biasanya tertutup oleh sutura setelah seluruh pembuluh
darah yang luka diikat (ligasi).<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Luka
memar (<i>contusion wound</i>), terjadi
akibat benturan oleh suatu tekanan dan dikarakteristik oleh cedera pada
jaringan lunak, perdarahan dan bengkak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Luka
lecet (<i>abraded wound</i>), terjadi akibat
kulit bergesekan dengan benda lain yang biasanya dengan benda yang tidak tajam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Luka
tusuk (<i>punctures wound</i>), terjadi
akibat adanya benda, seperti peluru atau pisau yang masuk ke dalam kulit dengan
diameter yang kecil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">d.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Luka
gores (<i>lacerated wound</i>), terjadi
akibat benda yang tajam seperti oleh kaca atau oleh kawat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">e.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Luka
tembus (<i>penetrating wound</i>), yaitu
luka yang menembus organ tubuh bisaanya pada bagian awal luka masuk diameternya
kecil tetapi pada bagian ujung bisanya lukanya akan melebar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">f.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Luka
bakar (<i>combustion</i>)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.2.3<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan
kedalaman dan luasnya luka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Stadium I<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">luka superficial <i>(non-blanching
erithema)</i>: yaitu luka yang terjadi pada lapisan epidermis kulit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Stadium II<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">luka <i>“partial thickness”</i>, yaitu hilangnya
lapisan kulit pada lapisan epidermis dan bagian atas dari dermis. Merupakan
luka <i>superficial</i> dan adanya tanda
klinis seperti abrasi, blister atau lubang yang dangkal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Stadium
III<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">luka <i>“full
thickness”</i>, yaitu hilangnya kulit keseluruhan meliputi kerusakan atau
nekrosis jaringan subkutan yang dapat meluas sampai bawah tetapi tidak melewati
jaringan yang mendasarinya. Lukanya sampai pada lapisan epidermis, dermis dan
fasia tetapi tidak mengenai otot. Luka timbul secara klinis sebagai suatu
lubang yang dalam dengan atau tanpa merusak jaringan sekitarnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">d.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Stadium IV<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">luka <i>“full
thickness”</i> yang telah mencapai lapisan otot, tendon dan tulang dengan
adanya destruksi/kerusakan yang luas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.2.4<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut
waktu penyembuhan luka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Luka
akut yaitu luka dengan masa penyembuhan sesuai dengan konsep penyembuhan yang
telah disepakati.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Luka
kronis yaitu luka yang mengalami kegagalan dalam proses penyembuhan, dapat
karena faktor eksogen dan endogen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.2.5<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses
penyembuhan luka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tubuh secara normal akan
berespon terhadap cidera dengan jalan “proses peradangan”, yang
dikarakteristikkan dengan 5 tanda utama: bengkak (<i>swelling</i>), kemerahan (<i>redness</i>),
panas (<i>hot</i>), nyeri (<i>pain</i>) dan kerusakan fungsi (<i>impairee fuction</i>). Proses penyembuhannya
mencakup beberapa fase:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Fase
inflamasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Fase inflamasi adalah
adanya respon vaskuler dan seluler yang terjadi akibat perlukaan yang terjadi
pada jaringan lunak. Tujuan yang hendak dicapai adalah menghentikan perdarahan
dan membersihkan area luka dari benda asing, sel-sel mati dan bakteri untuk
mempersiapkan dimulainya proses penyembuhan. Secara klinis fase inflamasi ini
ditandai dengan: eritema, hangat pada kulit, oedema dan rasa sakit yang
berlangsung sampai hari ke-3 atau hari ke-4.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Fase
proliferative.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Peran <i>fibroblast</i> sangat besar pada proses
perbaikan yaitu bertanggung jawab pada persiapan menghasilkan produk struktur
protein yang akan digunakan selama proses rekonstruksi jaringan. Pada jaringan
lunak yang normal (tanpa perlukaan), pemaparan sel <i>fibroblast</i> sangat jarang dan biasanya bersembunyi di matriks jaringan
sekitar luka ke dalam daerah luka, kemudian akan berkembang (proliferasi) serta
mengeluarkan beberapa substansi (kolagen, elastin, <i>hyaluronic acid</i>, <i>fibronectin</i>
dan <i>proteoglycans</i>) yang berperan
dalam membangun (rekontruksi) jaringan baru. Fungsi kolagen yang lebih spesifik
adalah membentuk cikal bakal jaringan baru (<i>connective
tissue matrix</i>) dan dengan dikeluarkannya substrak oleh <i>fibroblast</i>, memberikan pertanda bahwa makrofag, pembuluh darah baru
dan juga <i>fibroblast</i> sebagai kesatuan
unit dapat memasuki kawasan luka. Sejumlah sel dan pembuluh darah baru yang
tertanam di dalam jaringan baru tersebut disebut sebagai jaringan “granulasi”.
Fase proliferasi akan berakhir jika epitel dermis dan lampiran kolagen telah
terbentuk, terlihat proses kontraksi dan akan dipercepat oleh berbagai <i>growth factors</i> yang dibentuk oleh
makrofag dan platelet.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Fase
maturasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Fase ini dimulai pada
minggu ke-3 setelah perlukaan dan berakhir sampai kurang lebih 12 bulan. Tujuan
dari fase maturasi adalah: menyempurnakan terbentuknya jaringan baru menjadi
jaringan penyembuhan yang kuat dan bermutu. <i>Fibroblast</i>
sudah mulai meninggalkan jaringan granulasi, regresi dan serat fibrin dari
kolagen bertambah banyak untuk memperkuat jaringan parut. Kekuatan dari
jaringan parut akan mencapai puncaknya pada minggu ke-10 setelah perlukaan.
Luka dikatakan sembuh jika terjadi kontinuitas lapisan kulit dan kekuatan
jaringan parut mampu atau tidak mengganggu untuk melakukan aktifitas normal
(Sumantri, 2007: 98).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.2.6<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor
yang mempengaruhi penyembuhan luka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor
lokal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Yaitu suplai pembuluh
darah yang kurang, denervasi, hematoma, infeksi, <i>irradiais</i>, <i>mechanical stress</i>,
<i>dressing material</i>, tehnik bedah, <i>irrigais</i>, elektrokoagulasi, <i>suture materials</i>, <i>antibiotic</i>, tipe jaringan, <i>facilitious
wounds</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor
umum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Yaitu usia, anemia, <i>anti inflammatory drugs</i>, <i>cytotoxic and metabolic drugs</i>, <i>diabetes mellitus</i>, hormon, infeksi
sistemik, <i>jaundice</i>, penyakit menular,
malnutrisi, obesitas, temperature, trauma, hipovolemia dan hipoksia, uremia,
vitamin C dan A, <i>trace metals</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.2.7<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor-faktor
eksternal yang mempengaruhi penyembuhan luka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut Smeltzer (2002:
493), faktor-faktornya yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lingkungan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dukungan dari lingkungan
keluarga, dimana ibu akan selalu merasa mendapatkan perlindungan dan dukungan
serta nasihat-nasihat khususnya orang tua dalam merawat kebersihan pasca
persalinan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tradisi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Di Indonesia ramuan
peninggalan nenek moyang untuk perawatan pasca operasi masih banyak digunakan,
meskipun oleh kalangan masyarakat modern. Misalnya untuk penyembuhan luka
jahitan pasca operasi, masyarakat tradisional menggunakan ikan kutuk atau ikan
gabus untuk dikonsumsi sehari-hari agar bisa mempercepat proses penyembuhan
luka jahitan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengetahuan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengetahuan ibu tentang
perawatan pasca operasi SC sangat menentukan lama penyembuhan luka jahitan.
Apabila pengetahuan ibu kurang terlebih masalah makan-makanan yang dikonsumsi
maka penyembuhan luka pun akan berlangsung lama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tingkat pendidikan sangat berpengaruh terhadap perubahan
sikap dan perilaku hidup sehat. Tingkat pendidikan yang lebih tinggi akan
memudahkan seseorang atau masyarakat untuk menyerap informasi dan
mengimplementasikannya dalam perilaku dan <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">gaya</st1:city></st1:place>
hidup sehari-hari, khususnya dalam hal kesehatan dan gizi. Tingkat pendidikan,
khususnya tingkat pendidikan wanita mempengaruhi derajat kesehatan (Atmarita
dan Fallah, 2004).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">d.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sosial
ekonomi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengaruh dari kondisi sosial ekonomi ibu dengan lama
penyembuhan luka adalah keadaan fisik dan mental ibu dalam melakukan aktivitas
sehari-hari pasca operasi. Jika ibu memiliki tingkat sosial ekonomi yang
rendah, bisa jadi penyembuhan luka jahitan berlangsung lama karena timbulnya
rasa malas dalam merawat diri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tingkat pendapatan yang nyata dari keluarga menentukan
jumlah dan kualitas makanan yang diperoleh. Pada tingkat pendapatan yang rendah
sumber energi terutama diperoleh dari padi-padian, umbi-umbian dan
sayur-sayuran. Kenaikan pendapatan menyebabkan kenaikan variasi konsumsi
makanan baik yang berasal dari hewan, gula, lemak, minyak dan makanan kaleng
(Suhardjo, 2008: 47). Penduduk miskin biasanya mengkonsumsi makanan yang lebih
murah dan menu biasanya tidak (kurang) bervariasi. Sebaliknya pada penduduk
yang berpenghasilan tinggi, umumnya mengkonsumsi makanan yang harganya lebih
tinggi, akan tetapi penghasilan yang tinggi tidak menjamin tercapainya gizi
yang baik (Suhardjo, 2007: 21).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">e.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penanganan
petugas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada saat pasca operasi,
pembersihannya harus dilakukan dengan tepat oleh penangan petugas kesehatan,
hal ini merupakan salah satu penyebab yang dapat menentukan lama penyembuhan
luka jahitan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">f.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kondisi
ibu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kondisi kesehatan ibu
baik secara fisik maupun mental, dapat menyebabkan lama penyembuhan. Jika
kondisi ibu sehat, maka ibu dapat merawat diri dengan baik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">g.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Gizi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Makanan yang bergizi dan sesuai porsi akan menyebabkan
ibu dalam keadaan sehat dan segar. Dan akan mempercepat masa penyembuhan luka
jahitan. Misalnya dengan banyak mengkonsumsi makanan yang banyak mengandung
albumin seperti ikan gabus dan gabus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 60.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -60.5pt;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.2.8<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor-faktor internal yang mempengaruhi penyembuhan luka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut Smeltzer (2002:
495), faktor-faktornya yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Usia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyembuhan luka lebih
cepat terjadi pada usia muda daripada orang tua. Orang yang sudah lansia tidak
dapat mentorerir stres seperti trauma jaringan atau infeksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penanganan
jaringan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penanganan yang kasar
menyebabkan cedera dan memperlambat penyembuhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hemorargi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Akumulasi darah
menciptakan ruang bagi juga sel-sel mati yang harus disingkirkan. Area menjadi
pertumbuhan untuk infeksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">d.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hipovolemia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Volume darah yang tidak
mencukupi mengarah pada vasokonstriksi dan penurunan oksigen dan nutrient yang
tersedia untuk penyembuhan luka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">e.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor
lokal odema.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penurunan suplai oksigen
melalui gerakan meningkatkan tekanan interstisial pada pembuluh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">f.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Defisit
nutrisi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sekresi insulin dapat
dihambat, sehingga menyebabkan glukosa darah meningkat. Dapat terjadi penipisan
protein kalori.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">g.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Defisit
oksigen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Infusien oksigenasi
jaringan: oksigen yang tidak memadai dapat diakibatkan tidak adekuatnya fungsi
paru dan kardiovaskular juga vasokontriksi setempat. Penumpukan drainase:
sekresi yang menumpuk mengganggu proses penyembuhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">h.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Medikasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Steroid dapat
menyamarkan adanya infeksi dengan mengganggu respon inflamasi normal. Anti koagulasi dapat
menyebabkan hemorargi. Antibiotik spektrum luas/spesifik atau kontaminasi
bakteri. Jika diberikan setelah luka ditutup, tidak efektif karena koagulasi
intravaskular.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">i.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Overaktivitas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menghambat perapatan
tepi luka. Mengganggu penyembuhan yang diinginkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Perawatan luka jahitan <i>post</i> sc (luka jahitan) adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menjaga
agar luka jahitan selalu bersih dan kering.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menghindari pemberian obat tradisional.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menghindari
pemakaian air panas untuk mengkompres.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kontrol
ulang maksimal seminggu setelah operasi untuk pemeriksaan penyembuhan luka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.3 Konsep Perawatan Luka Perinium<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.3.1
Pengertian Perawatan Luka Perinium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Luka perinium adalah perlukaan pada jalan lahir yang
dapat terjadi karena kesalahan pada sewaktu memimpin persalinan, pada waktu
persalinan operatif seperti ekstraksi cuna, ektraksi vakum, embriotomi. Selain
itu perlukaan dapat terjadi karena memang disengaja seperti tindakan episiotomi
(Winkjosastro, 2005 : 170)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Perawatan luka perinium adalah pemenuhan kebutuhan untuk
menyehatkan daerah antara paha yang dibatasi vulva dan anus pada ibu yang dalam
masa antara kelahiran plecenta sampai dengan kembalinya organ genetik seperti
pada waktu sebelum hami<span style="color: black;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.3.2
Tujuan perawatan luka perinium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan perawatan luka perinium adalah mencegah terjadi
infeksi sehubungan dengan penyembuhan jaringan <span style="color: black;">(udcreasort@gmail.com).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan perawatan luka perinium adalah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mendekatkan/merapatkan jaringan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menghentikan perdarahan (hemostatis)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.3.3
Bentuk luka perinium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ruptur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ruptur adalah luka pada perinium yang diakibatkan oleh
rusaknya jaringan secara alamiah karena proses desakan kepala janin atau bahu
pada saat proses persalinan. Bentuk ruptur biasanya tidak teratur sehingga
jaringan yang robek sulit dilakukan penjahitan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tingkat robekan perinium adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tingkat I<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bila perlukaan hanya terbatas pada mukosa vagina atau
kulit perinium.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tingkat II<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Adanya perlukaan yang lebih dalam dan luas ke vagina dan
perineum dengan melukai fasia serta otot-otot diafragma urogenital.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tingkat
III<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Perlukaan yang lebih luas dan lebih dalam yang
menyebabkan muskulus spingter ani eksternus terputus didepan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menurut Saifuddin (2001 : 462) robekan perinium terbagi
menjadi empat yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tingkat
satu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Robekan terjadi hanya pada selaput lendir vagina dengan
atau tanpa mengenai kulit perinium.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tingkat
dua<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Robekan mengenai selaput lendir vagina dan otot perineal
trasversalis, tetapi tidak mengenai otot sfingter ani.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tingkat
tiga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Robekan mengenai perineum sampai dengan otot sfingter
ani.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tingkat
empat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Robekan mengenai perineum sampai dengan otot sfingter ani
dan mukosa rektum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Episiotomi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Episiotomi adalah suatu tindakan insisi pada perineum
yang menyebabkan terpotongnya selaput lendir vagina, cincin selaput darah,
jaringan pada septum retrovagina , otot-otot dan fasia perineum dan kulit
sebelah depan perineum (winkjosastro, 2007 : 410).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Indikasi untuk melakukan episiotomi dapat timbul dari
pihak ibu maupun pihak janin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Indikasi
janin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bayi besar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">b)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Posisi
kepala yang abnormal (presentasi muka, occipitoposterior)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">c)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelainan
bokong<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">d)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ekstraksi
vorcep yang sukar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">e)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dystorsia
bahu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">f)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Anomali
kongenital, seperti hidrocepalus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Indikasi
ibu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Partus
presipitatus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">b)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pasien
tidak mampu berhenti mengejan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">c)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Partus
diselesaikan tergesah-gesa dengan dorongan fundus yang berlebihan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">d)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Edema dan
kerapuan pada perineum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">e)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Varikositas
vulva yang melemahkan jaringan perineum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">f)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Arcus
pubis sempit dengan pintu bawah panggul yang sempit pula sehingga menekan
kepala bayi ke arah posterior<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">g)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Peluasan
episiotomi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan tipe insisinya terdapat 2 jenis episiotomi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Median<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Insisi dimulai dari ujung
terbawah introitus vagina sampai batas atas otot-otot spingter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mediolateral<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Insisi dimulai dari ujung
terbawah introitus vagina menuju ke belakang dan samping kiri atau kanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebelum
melakukan episiotomi ada prosedur yang harus dilakukan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">memberitahukan
pada ibu tentang apa yang akan dilakukan dan bantu agar ibu tetap tenang atau
merasa tenang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Melakukan
tindakan desinfektan sekitar perineum dan vulva.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Anastesi
lokal caranya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan
anastesi (lidokain HCL 1 %atau xilokain 10 mg/ml)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">b)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tusukkan
jarum tepat dibawah kulit perineum pada daerah komisura posterior (fourchette)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">c)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Arahkan
jarum dengan membuat sudut 45 derajat kesebelah kiri atau kanan garis tengah
perineum dan lakukan aspirasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">d)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sambil
menarik mundur jarum suntik, infiltrasikan 5-10 ml lidokain 1%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">e)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tunggu 1-2
menit agar efek anastesi bekerja maksimal sebelum episiotomi dilakukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Cara
melakukan tindakan episiotomi adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pegang gunting
yang tajam dengan satu tangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Letakkan
jari telunjuk dan tengah diantara kepala bayi dan perineum, searah dengan
rencana sayatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tunggu
fase puncak his, kemudian selipkan guntung dalam keadaan terbuka diantara jari
telunjuk dan tengah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Gunting
perineum dimulai dari komisura posterior 45 derajat ke lateral (kiri atau
kanan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lanjutkan
pimpinan persalinan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Perbaikan
episiotomi Median:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Catgut
kromik 00 atau 000 sebagai jahitan kontinyu untuk menutup mukosa vagina.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dapatkan
tepi-tepi potongan cincin hymen, jahitan dikencangkan dan dipotong. Selanjutnya
tiga atau empat jahitan terputus catgut 00 atau 000 ditempatkan pada fasia dan
otot perineum yang di insisi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jahitan
kontinyu dibawah untuk menyatukan fasia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penyempurnaan
jahitan, dan jahitan kontinyu diarahkan keatas sebagai jahitan subkutikuler.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Alternatif
lain penyempurnaan jahitan, beberapa jahitan catgut kromik 000 terputus
ditempatkan melalui kulit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Perbaikan
episiotomi mediolateral:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Catgut
kromik 00 atau 000 sebagai jahitan kontinyu untuk menutup mukosa dan submukosa
vagina.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ketika
mencapai cincin hymen, terus dilanjutkan hingga menyatukan ujung posterior
fourchette dan labia mayora.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jahitan
dikubur dibawah kulit, dan keduua ujung sfingter vagina yang terpotong (kedua
ujung otot bulbokaveernosus) dipertemukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Otot
perineum profunda termasuk levator ani didekatkan dengan jahitan terputus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Otot-otot
perineum profunda disatukan dengan jahitan inversi terputus dengan memakai
kromik catgut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Selanjutnya
dibuat suatu lapisan jahitan inversi terputus dengan menggunakan bahan yang
sama untuk menyatukan otot perineum superfisialis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kulit
perineum didekatkan dengan jahitan matras terputus menggunakan kromik catgut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penjahitan
robekan perineum tingkat III:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lakukan
inspeksi vagina dan perineum untuk melihat robekan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jika ada
perdarahan yang terlihat menutupi luka perineum, pasang tampon atau kasa ke
dalam vagina.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">gunakan
benang jahit (kromik no 2/0)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tentukan
dengan jelas bekas luka robekan perineum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ujung otot
spingter ani yang terpisah oleh karena robekan, di klem dengan menggunakan pean
lurus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kenudian
satukan ujung otot spingter ani dengan melakukan 2-3 jahitan angka 8 dengan
catgut kromik 2/0 sehingga bertemu kembali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Selanjutnya
dilakukan jahitan lapis demi lapis seperti melakukan jahitan pada robekan
perineum tingkat II.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penjahitan
robekan perineum tingkat IV:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Gunakan
benang jahit (kromik 2/0)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tentukan
dengan jelas batas luka robekan perineum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">mula-mula
dinding depan rectum yang robek dijahit dengan jahitan jelujur menggunakan
catgut kromik no 2/0.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jahit
fasia perirektal dengan menggunakan benang yang sama sehingga bertemu kembali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jahit
fasia septum rektovaginal dengan menggunakan benang yang sama, sehingga bertemu
kembali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ujung otot
spingter ani yang terpisah oleh karena robekan di klem dengan menggunakan pean
lurus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kemudian
tentukan ujung otot spingter ani dengan menggunakan 2-3 jahitan 8 dengan catgut
kromik 2/0 sehingga bertemu kembali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Selanjutnya
dilakukan jahitan lapis demi lapis seperti melakukan jahitan pada robekan
perineum tingkat II.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.3.4
Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Penyembuhan Luka Perinium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Gizi/Nutrisi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor gizi dan nutrisi terutama protein akan sangat
mempengaruhi terhadap proses penyembuhan luka pada perineum karena pergantian
jaringan sangat membutuhkan protein.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Obat-obatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Steroid :
Dapat menyamarkan adanya infeksi dengan menganggu respon inflamasi normal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">b)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Antikoagulan
: Dapat menyebabkan hemoragi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">c)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Antibiotik
spektrum luas/spesifik : Efektif bila diberikan segera sebelum pembedahan untuk
pathologi spesifik atau kontaminasi bakteri. Jika diberikan setelah luka
ditutup, tidak efektif karena koagulasi intravaskuler.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Keturunan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sifat genetik seseorang akan mempengaruhi kemampuan
dirinya dalam penyembuhan luka. Salah satu sifat genetik yang mempengaruhi
adalah kemampuan dalam sekresi insulin dapat dihambat, s ehingga menyebabkan glukosa darah meningkat. Dapat terjadi
penipisan protein-kalori.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sarana
Prasarana<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kemampuan ibu dalam menyediakan sarana dan prasarana
dalam perawatan perineum akan sangat mempengaruhi penyembuhan perineum,
misalnya kemampuan ibu dalam menyediakan antiseptik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Budaya dan
Keyakinan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Budaya dan keyakinan akan mempengaruhi penyembuhan
perinium, misalnya kebiasaan tarak telur, ikan dan dagingayam, akan
mempengaruhi asupan gizi ibu yang akan sangat mempengaruhi penyembuhan luka .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.4 Pengaruh konsumsi ikan gabus
terhadap percepatan penyembuhan luka jahitan perinium<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penggunaan ikan gabus akhir-akhir ini mendapat perhatian
dari masyarakat, khususnya untuk bidang kesehatan. Sebab, ikan gabus merupakan
salah satu bahan pangan alternatif sumber albumin bagi penderita hipoalbumin
(rendah albumin) dan luka. Baik luka pasca operasi maupun luka bakar. Fenomena
ikan gabus tersebut pernah diangkat dalam 1 penelitian khusus oleh Prof. Dr.
Ir. Eddy Suprayitno MS. Guru besar ilmu biokimia ikan Fakultas Perikanan
Unibraw pada 2003. Dalam penelitian berjudul albumin ikan gabus (<i>ophiochepalus striatus</i>) sebagai makanan
fungsional mengatasi permasalahan gizi masa depan, Eddy mengupas habis tentang
potensi ikan gabus: “dilihat dari kandungan asam aminonya, ikan gabus memiliki
struktur yang lebih lengkap dibandingkan jenis ikan lain” (</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://www.sariikankutuk.com/2007"><span lang="FI" style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">www.sariikankutuk.com</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">/2007</span></a></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Khasiat dan kegunaan yang dimiliki oleh ikan gabus, yaitu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Meningkatkan
kadar albumin dan daya tahan tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mempercepat
proses penyembuhan pasca operasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mempercepat
penyembuhan luka dalam/luka luar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">d.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Membantu
proses penyembuhan pada penyakit:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hepatitis,
TBC/infeksi paru, nephritic syndrome, tonsilitis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -38.7pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Typus,
Diabetes, patah tulang, gastritis, ITP, HIV.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -38.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sepsis,
stroke, thalasemia minor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">e.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menghilangkan
oedem (pembengkakan).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">f.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Memperbaiki
gizi buruk pada bayi, anak dan ibu hamil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">g.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Membantu
penyembuhan autis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">h.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai
larutan pengganti pada keadaan defisiensi albumin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB
3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">KERANGKA
KONSEPTUAL DAN HIPOTESIS PENELITIAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="height: 223px; left: 0px; margin-left: 371px; margin-top: 32px; position: absolute; width: 162px; z-index: 10;"><img alt="Text Box: Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penyembuhan luka: - Pengetahuan - Nutrisi - Tradisi - Sosial Ekonomi - Personal Hygiene" height="223" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1035" width="162" /></span><span style="height: 67px; left: 0px; margin-left: 95px; margin-top: 32px; position: absolute; width: 198px; z-index: 3;"><img alt="Text Box: Ibu post partum dengan Luka Perineum" height="67" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1028" width="198" /></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.1 Kerangka Konseptual Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Gambar 3.1 Pengaruh konsumsi ikan gabus terhadap
percepatan penyembuhan luka perineum di BPS Ninik Artiningsih, SST Desa
Tergilis Kecamatan Prajurut Kulon Kabupaten Mojokerto<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Keterangan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; margin-left: 23px; margin-top: 5px; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 8;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image009.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1033" width="50" /></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Variabel diukur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="height: 14px; left: 0px; margin-left: 23px; margin-top: 5px; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 9;"><img height="14" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1034" width="50" /></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Variabel tidak diukur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 170%;">Ibu <i>post partum</i>
dengan luka perineum akan mengalami perubahan fisiologis dan psikologis, karena
itu ibu <i>post partum</i> memerlukan
percepatan penyembuhan luka perineum. Salah satu proses penyembuhan luka
perineum maka ibu <i>post partum</i>
mengkonsumsi ikan gabus karena mempunyai banyak kandungan di dalamnya yaitu antara
lain protein sebanyak 20 gram, lemak 1,5 gram, karbohidrat 0,2 gram, mineral
1,3 gram, air 77 gram yang dapat mempengaruhi kesembuhan luka perineum (Edyy),
protein dan albumin membantu jaringan sel yang terbelah, pembentukan jarinagn
sel baru, memberikan gizi pada sel serta pertumbuhan dan perbaikan sel-sel
tubuh melalui proses fase penyembuhan luka fase inflamasi, fase proliferasi
terjadi epitelisasi dan granulasi (Nurpudji), meningkatkan percepatan penyembuhan
luka yaitu sembuh jika: luka kering, tidak bernanah, tidak kemerahan, tidak
berdarah, jaringan mulai menyambung. Sedangkan faktor yang akan ditimbulkan
dari konsumsi ikan gabus sendiri terhadap kesembuhan luka jahitan perineum
adalah terjadi percepatan penyembuhan luka perineum (Ir. Sumarno).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.2 Hipotesa<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hipotesis (HI) yaitu ada</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> pengaruh konsumsi ikan gabus terhadap percepatan
penyembuhan luka jahitan perinium di BPS Ny. Ninik Artiningsih Dusun Tergilis
Kecamatan Prajulit Kulon Mojokerto.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB 4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">METODOLOGI PENELITIAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.1 Rancangan/ Desain Penelitian <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Merupakan hasil akhir dari suatu tahap keputusan yang
dibuat oleh peneliti berhubungan dengan bagaimana statu penelitian bisa
diterapkan. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian<i> quasy experimental</i>
dengan pendekatan <i>static group comparison
design</i> yaitu penelitian dengan melakukan eksperimen, dimana dalam desain
ini sudah ada kelompok lain sebagai standar eksternal (Arikunto, 2002: 79).
Desain ini disebut juga <i>post test only
control group design</i> yang merupakan rancangan pre eksperimental dengan
menambah kelompok kontrol, dengan cara setelah perlakuan dilakukan pengamatan
pada kelompok perlakuan dan pada kelompok kontrol dilakukan pengamatan saja
(Hidayat, 2008 : 62)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.2 Populasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada penelitian ini populasinya adalah ibu post partum
yang mau mengkonsumsi ikan gabus di BPS Ny. Ninik Artiningsih Dusun Tergilis
Kecamatan Prajurit Kulon Mojokerto sebanyak 21 orang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.3 Sampel<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penelitian ini menggunakan <i>purposive sampling</i> yaitu ibu post partum yang mau mengkonsumsi ikan
gabus di </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BPS Ny. Ninik Artiningsih
Dusun Tergilis Kecamatan Prajurit Kulon Mojokerto sebanyak 20 orang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada
penelitian ini sampel yang diambil adalah yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kriteria
inklusi adalah Karakteristik sampel yang dapat dimasukkan atau layak diteliti. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun
kriteria penelitian meliputi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.
Kriteria inklusi dalam penelitian adalah: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ibu post
partum fisiologis dengan luka perineum derajat I dan II<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">ibu post
partum hari ke 1 setelah melahirkan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ibu post
partum yang mau mengkonsumsi ikan gabus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.
Kriteria eksklusi dalam penelitian adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1. Komplikasi selama persalinan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2. Perdarahan post partum > 500 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3. Tidak bersedia menjadi responden<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.4 Tehnik Pengambilan Sampel<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Teknik sampling merupakan cara-cara yang ditempuh dalam
pengambilan sampel, agar memperoleh sampel yang benar-benar sesuai dengan
keseluruhan subjek penelitian (Nursalam, 2009 : 93). Dalam penelitian ini cara
pengambilan sampel dengan cara menggunakan teknik <i>purposive sampling </i>yaitu memilih sampel diantara populasi sesuai
yang dikehendaki peneliti (Nursalam, 2009).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.5 Identifikasi variabel<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.5.1 Variabel bebas (<i>independent
variable)<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Variabel bebas (independent variable) adalah variable
yang nilainnya menentukan variabel lain (Nursalam, 2009 : 97). Variable bebas
(indepenbnt variable) dalam penelitian ini adalah konsumsi ikan gabus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.5.2 Variabel tergantung (<i>dependent variable)<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Variable tergantung (dependent variable) adalah variable
yang nialinya ditentukan variable lain (Nursalam, 2009 : 98). Variable
tergantung (dependent variable) dalam penelitian ini percepatan penyembuhan
luka jahitan perinium.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.6 Definisi Operasional<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Definisi operasional adalah menjelaskan semua variabel
dan istilah yang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">akan
dipergunakan dalam penelitian secara operasional, sehingga mempermudah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">pembaca dan
penguji dalam mengartikan makna penelitian (Hidayat, 2008: 57-59).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Tabel 4.1</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;"> Definisi operasional<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: -39.6pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Variabel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Definisi Operasional<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Parameter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Alat Ukur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Skala<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126pt;" valign="top" width="168"><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Skor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Independen: konsumsi ikan gabus</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Memakan Ikan buas yang
hidup di air tawar Sering dijuluki
“ikan buruk rupa” karena kepalanya menyerupai kepala ular Ikan yang
mengandung banyak albumin jenis protein yang digunakan untuk mempercepat
penyembuhan luka perinium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Pemberian ikan gabus
selama 10 hari <i>post</i> partum dengan pemberian
@ 100 gram/hari dimasak dengan cara di kukus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Timbangan gram<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126pt;" valign="top" width="168"><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 8.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Dependen: percepatan
penyembuhan luka jahitan perinium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Waktu yang diperlukan
untuk menyatukan kembali jaringan tubuh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Dikatakan
sembuh, jika:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 11.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -11pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Luka tidak berwarna merah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 11.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -11pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">tidak terdapat perdarahan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 11.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -11pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Pembentukan gumpalan beku
darah pada fibrin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 11.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -11pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">luka kering<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 11.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -11pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">luka tidak bernanah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0.1pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div align="center" class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Observasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 54pt;" valign="top" width="72"><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Ordinal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126pt;" valign="top" width="168"><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt -5.4pt;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Fase Inflamasi 1.Kemerahan kulit -
Diameter < 0,5cm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt -5.4pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">- Diameter 0,6 -2 cm. -
Diameter > 2 cm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt -5.4pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">2.Edema - Edema < 0,5 cm. - Edema 0,6 – 2 cm. -
Edema > 2 cm. 3.Luka kering - Tidak ada cairan. -
Ada cairan.
- Cairan dengan pus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt -5.4pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt -5.4pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Fase Proliferasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">1.Granulasi - Seluruh bagian luka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">-
Sebagian luka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">-
Tidak ada<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">2.Tepi luka menyatu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">-
Menyatu sempurna<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">-
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;">Terbuka
sebagian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt -5.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt;"> - Tidak
menyatu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>JOURNAL KEPERAWATANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07919875716745294908noreply@blogger.com2